![]() In the 20th century it was discovered that certain endgame positions are winnable but require more than 50 moves. ![]() Overall, it remains a popular and respected opening in modern chess, and its strategic and defensive nature makes it a good choice for players who want to avoid sharp tactical lines. Note, the 50 move rule (rather 75 for forced as opposed to claimed) does influence the outcome of "perfect chess", since a mate may be possible but only after (say) 100 moves, which actually motivated the rule (and a term "cursed win"): Although the Berlin Defense can lead to long and potentially boring games, it offers many drawing chances for Black. And it's not necessarily 3-, but 5-fold, which is handled differently between and . CHESS BOOKS - OPENINGS - WINNING CHESS OPENINGS by Bill Robertie - Shows concepts and best opening moves of more than 25 essential openings from Black's. The 50 move rule also isn't needed if there's 3-fold repetition, it only accelerates the result (a lot): it's 3 total, not consecutive, repetitions, and the total number of possible positions is finite. But in plain chess, this is only semantic: an infinite game is forced if perfect players produce a position where first to not repeat loses. If pieces are added, a checkmate can be forced. This would differ in a variant of chess where a piece is removed every 60 moves then, end by draw can be forced. The idea behind the English Opening is: White is trying to get Black out of his normal 1.d4 defense (Whether its Kings Indian, Nimzo, or Queens Gambit Declined) and transition into lines he is uncomfortable with. That the game can go on infinitely, with positions repeated, doesn't change the fact that a mate is still possible. The English Opening is a chess opening when the following moves are played: 1.c4. If asking about finished games, neither 3-fold repetition nor 50 move rule are needed "impossible to mate" and "no legal moves" rules (yielding draw) suffice. Other answers ( 1, 2) elaborate further, but I'd like to provide another angle to 3-fold repetition enabling this. Zermelo's theorem proves forced win or draw for chess, and generally, enumerating all of a game's outcomes (by proof) is done by "solving" the game.
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